tugas softskill 4 bahasa inggris bisnis

Tugas Softskill 4 Bahasa Inggris Bisnis

Putri Ayu Puspa Rengganis

20208970 / 3EB11

MODAL AUXILIARY

Modal auxiliary verbs are verbs that “help” main verbs to express their meaning in a clearer way. For example, they can express obligation, doubt, permission etc.

Modal verbs cannot be used by themselves. Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs, so their position in the sentence is that of primary auxiliary verbs (be, do, have), so when you use a modal verb in a sentence, you cannot use other auxiliary verbs.

• SUBJECT + MODAL + MAIN VERB

For example : I can read

• SUBJECT + MODAL + NOT + MAIN VERB

For example : I can not read

• MODAL + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB ?

For example : Can I read?

1. CAN / COULD

These are generally used to express either a present action (“can”) or a past action (“could”). Nevertheless, “could” is not just the past tense of “can”: it is also a conditional form, so it can be used to express possibility or probability. Finally, “to be able to” can be used in substitution to “could”, when expressing ability.

· Ability

For example :

- Can you speak English? (present – informal)

- I could speak English when I was 5 years old. (past)

· Requests

For example :

- Can you give me a book? (present – informal)

- Could you give me a book? (present – formal)

- I asked if he could give me a book. (past)

· Permission

For example :

- Can I take a book? (present – informal)

- Could I take a book? (present – formal)

- I asked if I could take a book. (past)

· Choice

For example :

- You can take a book or a pen. (present – informal)

· Future Probability

For example :

- I could become rich with this company. (present – informal)

· Present Probability

For example :

- It can’t be possible! (present – informal)

· Past Probability

For example :

- If I had been there, I could have helped you (past)

2. MAY / MIGHT

These both express possibility in the present, future and past (we sometimes use “could” to express possibility, but “may” and “might” are more commonly used in these cases), but “may” expresses a higher degree of certainty than “might”. “May” is also used to ask for permission in a more formal way than with “can”.

· Future Probability

For example :

- I may/might give her a bouquet of flowers later. (present – informal)

· Present Probability

For example :

- It's half past nine, so they may/might be at theater now (present – informal)

· Past Probability

For example :

- He might have been busy when I Called. (past)

3. MUST / HAVE GOT TO

These are used to express obligation and orders. It is important to remember that we use “must” for personal obligation and “have to” for obligation from the outside. The past tense for “must” does not exist, and so we use “had to” in substitution for it. “Must” is also used to express possibility in the present with a higher degree of certainty than with “may” and “might”. In the present tense and in affirmative sentences, “have to” may also be replaced by “have got to”.

· Personal Obligation

For example :

- I really must study harder for that exam! (present)

- I really had to study harder for that exam! (past)

· Obligation from outside

For example :

- You have (got) to pay taxes or you'll go to jail (present)

- People had to work 14 hours a day (past)

· Orders/strong invitations

For example :

- You must go to the doctor, you are sick! (present)

· Present possibility (certainty)

For example :

- Isn't he in the kitchen? Then he must be in the garden. (present)

- She must have been sick in the last days because she is pale (past)

4. NEED

This is used to express necessity. It does not have a past tense form. It can also be used as a main verb. For example :

You need to go to the dentist.

Need he call his wife? / Does he need to call his wife?

She needn’t come here tomorrow / She doesn’t need to come here tomorrow.

5. NEED

This is used to express obligation and orders in a weaker way than with “must”. It is also used to make deductions or hypotheses .

· Advice/weak order/reproach

For example :

- You should call her and make peace. (present)

- You shouldn't have drunk so much yesterday (past)

· Deduction

For example :

- There should be enough eggs in the fridge (present)

· Obligation (weak)

For example :

- People should be more tolerant/I should study harder (present)

· Hypothesis

For example :

- Should he call, tell him I'm at the gym (present)

6. OUGHT TO

This is used in the same way as “should”, especially in affirmative sentences: We ought to (=should) get to class now. “Should” is more commonly used than “ought to”.

7. HAD BETTER

This is used to express weak orders in the same way as with “should”. It never changes form, like all other modal verbs. It is more

informal than “should”:

You had better get dressed and go to school now / You’d better not answer me that way

8. SHALL / WILL

These are both used as auxiliary verbs for the formation of the future tense. However, they can also be used differently. “Shall” is also used to offer to do something or to make suggestions, but only through interrogative sentences. “Will” is used to offer to do something, through affirmative sentences, and in semi-formal requests, through interrogative sentences.

· Offers

For example :

- Shall I close the window? Don't worry, I'll (will) do it (present)

· Suggestions

For example :

- Shall we take the train? (present)

· Semi-formal requests

For example :

- Will you get me a glass of water, please? (present)

· Future events

For example :

- I will turn 18 next months (present)

9. WOULD

This is the past tense of “will”, so it is used, for example, in indirect speech. It is also used to make formal requests and to offer to do something, after “wish” and to describe past habits.

· Past tense of WILL

For example :

- She said she would call me but she didn't (past)

· Formal requests/ offers

For example :

- Would you like a cup of tea? (present - fomal)

· After WISH

For example :

- I wish you would call me more often (present)

· Past habits

For example :

- We would always go there in the summer (past)

· Conditional sentences

For example :

- If I had lots of money I would buy myself a villa (past)